Gangster culture develop in the USA in the 1920`s to the 1940`s Essay

Why did a gangster culture develop in the USA in the 1920`s to the 1940`s ? There were several different factors that contributed to the developing of a gangster culture and the organised crime in America. The interesting thing about this is that all of the factors just happened to appear at once, creating a perfect environment for the birth of a nation-wide, organised criminal power. This criminal power could develop because the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America, which is probably the main reason. The Mafia also could develop in the US because of their really strict discipline, its organisation and hierarchy. Also important for the birth of this gangster culture was the prohibition, the fact that alcohol was illegal and the Mafia could produce it and sell it made it rich, but they had indeed other businesses too. The mighty Dons with their great gangs organised all these businesses and made the phenomenon Mafia in America in the 1920’s and 1940’s possible. The organised criminal power: First of all it need to be said what the Mafia is. The word Mafia means arrogance and presumption in Italian and refuge in Arabic, which refers to the origins of the Mafia as a society that fled to the hills of Italy to avoid attack. It is the word for a group of criminals who are sometimes linked together with a blood oath and who are not allowed to betray their secret. The first time the word Mafia was mentioned was in the ninth century in Sicily. To this time the main purpose of the so-called Mafia was it to strengthen themselves against the Arabic and Norman forces which invaded their homeland in Sicily. These Arabic and Norman forces oppressed the native Sicilians so that they had to take refuge in the surrounding hills. The intention of the secret society in the hills was it to wake a strong sense of togetherness between all the native Sicilians and to unite every native against the invaders. They tried to create a sense of family which was well organised and had a strong hierarchical layout. History of the vicious increase of foreigners: The U.S. Mafia, or the â€Å"Black Hand† as it was known in the early period, began to develop in the 1800`s in the USA because of the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America. Three million Irish, three and a half million Jews and four million Italians immigrated to America. New York was the second biggest Italian city after Naples, one quarter of New York – more than half a million people – were Italian . Although many think the Mafia had their roots in New York and Chicago it actually has been traced in 26 major cities in America. The new immigrants, bewildered by the new land, and it’s strange language, lived closely together in the Little Italy’s of New York, Chicago, New Orleans and other cities. The first time the Mafia was mentioned and therefore discovered in America was in New Orleans in the 1800à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Police Chief David Hennesy discovered the existence of this growing gangster culture in the heart of the United States of America while he was investigating the murder of an Italian immigrant. One reason why the Mafia was able to establish itself was because they were by far the biggest ethnic group in America and they had strong and violent leaders or rather Dons. Don Vito, Vito Cascio Ferro (1862-1945), was the first Sicilian Capo de Tutti Capi. He is believed to be the one man primarily responsible for establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia. He had also an important role in 1924 when many Italian Mafia members came to the USA to avoid persecution in Sicily because Mussolini was determined to rid of the Mafia in Italy. This increased the numbers of members in the organisation and developed the gangster culture in the USA. Discipline and Hierarchy: Discipline: It is quite interesting that the Mafia was able to establish itself so fast in America one important reason for this phenomenon was the discipline. First of all every new mobster (member of the family) had to go through a ceremony, this ceremony was often compared to the baptism ceremony. This ceremony was really important for the mobster because at this day he became full member of La Cosa Nostra (our affair). The newcomer was told that the Mafia is a secret society and that there is just one way in and only one way out of it. You come in on your feet and you go out in a coffin. They were told that they have to kill even their own blood family when the mobster accepted everything he was told of the rules he must abide by. These rules were the heart of the Mafia and one of the most important reasons why this gangster culture could develop in America. The most important rule in organised crime was the rule called the Omerta. The Omerta is a code of silence. A vow never to reveal any Mafia secrets or member under threat of torture or death. Another rule was the obedience rule. The obedience rule stated that the member must at all times be loyal to the boss or Don. A third law of the Mafia was the assistance to any befriended Mafia faction, no questions asked. A few others included, Avenge any attack on members of the family, because an attack on one was an attack on all, and the last rule was to avoid any and all contact with the authorities. Hierarchy: Another evidence for the strong discipline in the Mafia was the hierarchical layout. The Mafia in America was organised like a â€Å"parliament† which was called the Commission. The Commission handled interfamily disputes and set general policy for La Cosa Nostra. It acted as more of a forum of Family Bosses than a board of directors. At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses they were the men with all of the power in the Family. They were giving orders, and the rest of the Family were expected to follow them without question. Next in line to the Dons were the Underbosses, who were second in command. He controlled the day-to-day operations of the Family. Followed by the Consigliere or counsellors. The consigliere acts as a â€Å"counsellor† or â€Å"advisor† to the boss. He was directly under the boss in terms of the hierarchy, but he did not normally give orders. Fourth in the line was the so-called â€Å"Capo†. Capo is the short form for capodecina or caporegime and he was the leader of a â€Å"crew† or decina (literally, â€Å"group of ten†) of ten to fifteen soldiers. The Soldiers were the one’s who would enforce discipline over both members and non-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder. And last were the men who did the really dirty work for the Mob, the Associates. They were not â€Å"made† guys, they just hang around with the crew. They often are willing to do anything to get â€Å"made†, and therefore handle a lot of hits. The Prohibition: Another fact that benefited the developing of he Mafia in the USA in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and 1930à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s was the prohibition. Prohibition basically means the legal forbidden production, transport and sale of alcoholic drinks in the USA between 1920 and 1933. With these laws the Mafia had a perfect base for its organised crime. The government of England and the American Colonies tried since 1750, almost fruitless, to stop the excessive consumption of alcohol. In the twenties of the 19th century the average alcohol consumption of pure alcohol per person was about twenty seven litres per year. The government saw a strong link between the alcohol consumption on the one hand and the rapidly growing criminality, poverty ,brutal force and the developing of great gangster culture on the other hand. They therefore have seen the necessity for an alcohol prohibition. The first prohibition law was passed in 1851 in the state Main and prohibited the production and the sale of alcohol except for medical or technical purposes. With this law all alcoholic drinks with more than 0,5 percent alcohol were forbidden. Thirteen of the thirty-one states introduced similar laws around 1850. However, the means of alliance and states for the effective enforcement were completely inadequate to the Prohibition. Follow of the national prohibition was that the Mafia made this prohibition useful to itself, they built black distillery in great extent to produce the alcohol, they smuggled it, they sold illegal through so-called bootleggers, they also sold it into Speakeasies (camouflaged Saloons) and they bribed the police the follow of all these illegal wheelings and dealings were a rapid increase of organised crime all over the USA . To this time the developing of the American Mafia was on its peak. It was expanding like never before in the United States. The fact that a thing so many people wanted to have was illegal and easy to produce was almost perfect for the organised crime and the Mafia. War of the women: But in 1873 the spectacular â€Å"war of the women† broke out everywhere in the United States. They were protesting against the Saloons which were the places of the greatest alcohol consumption and in 1900 the woman found the Anti-Saloon-League of America (ASL) that performed great political influence in the following time. Until 1916 23 of the 48 states issued Anti-Saloon Laws for the closing of the Saloons and for the prohibition of the production of alcoholic drinks. These laws were not a disaster for the gangster culture but they already lost some money in their bootlegging business. In the initial phase of the world economy crisis the prohibition opponents argued convincing, that that the prohibition disabled the increase of jobs and the income of taxes it also added the stagnation of the economy. In December 1933 the US congress with great majority discharged the 21st condition addition, with which the 18th addition, the Prohibition, was cancelled. The control of the alcohol consumption rested now on the individual states. Until 1966 every state had cancelled their prohibition laws. That was bitter for the Mafia and the Dons, because they lost one of their most important businesses and had to look for other ways to make good money. Other Businesses: The Bootlegging business was not the only illegal business in which the Mafia was involved in. Another fact why the Mafia was so successful in organised crime was because they were so flexible and had many other businesses. One of them was the Extortion of protection money which was already done in Sicily in the 1700à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Pictures of a black hand (which was the sign for the Mafia in Sicily) were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money wasn’t paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. The methods did not change in the USA when the extorted business did not accept the assimilation to the family it had to fear terror. In cities were the Mafia was really present whole areas were extorted and did what the Don wanted them to do. The Black Hand fear became such a problem that a special Italian branch of the police had to be formed, this was essential as the immigrants did not trust the Irish/American law force, and the police had no understanding of Italian customs or behaviour. A whole net of organised crime was over the towns were the Mafia was, they controlled the illegal business like bootlegging, extortion, machine gambling, bookmaking, loan sharking, labour racketeering and kidnapping but also legal businesses like food production, they owned restaurants, they controlled the garbage disposal as well as the garment manufacturing, bars and taverns and Labour unions as well. The Don’s The Dons â€Å"owned† the cities with there businesses, they controlled everything that happened in â€Å"their towns† and ran the city in whatever way they felt. They and their gangs had a great part that the Mafia could develop in the US. The strongest and therefore probably the most famous individuals in the history of the American Mafia were Vito Cascio Ferro (Don Vito), Charlie Luciano (Lucky Luciano), Joseph Bonano (Joey Bananas, Alphonse Capone (to his friends: â€Å"Snorky,† among some members of the press: â€Å"Scarface†). These handsome individuals were so powerful and influencing that they had a great part why the Mafia could establish itself in America in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s to the 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Vito Cascio Ferro (1862- 1945): Vito Cascio Ferro was responsible for the establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia. Cascio Ferro came to New York in 1900, he already had established himself in Sicily where he commited kidnapping, extortion, arson, and threatening officials. Ferroà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s activities in the U.S. are not clear, but he killed at least one man. This man, called Benedetto Madonia, had been trying to establish a counterfeiting ring in Don Vito’s territory without permission or authority of Don Vito. He was killed really brutally,he was cut in pieces and put into a barrel with his penis and testicles in his mouth. This showed how dangerous the Mafia was already in its early stages, as well as that the police could not really stop the uprising criminal society in the U.S. in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½- 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. Don Vito fled to New Orleans before the police could ask him one question ,he spent time organising his own counterfeiting ring along with establishing a connection for heroin smuggling with Sicily. Again nobody could stop the establishment of Don Vito. Everything seemed to be alright till Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino(police officer), could give evidence for Vitoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s illegal activities. These evidence forced him to return to Sicily where he quickly established himself as head of all Mafiosi. Again everything seemed to be alright till Lieutenant Petrosino once again appeared in his life. He came to sicily in 1909 to prove the connection between the U.S. and Sicilian mobs and hopefully to have some criminals extradited back to the U.S., including Cascio Ferro, but Petrosino soon was murdered in Sicily probably by Vito himself and two other gunmen. This story was never proved by evidence. After the killing of Lieutenant Petrosino Don Vito became even more popular in both the Sicilian and U.S. underworlds this fact helped him to establish himself as a well respected businessman in Palermo. For a certain time everything worked well, Vito even began to send Mafiosi to the U.S. to help build a criminal empire there. In 1921 Benito Mussolini came to power, one of his major aims were to destroy the strong Mafia organisation, Vito had established. Vito who had seen this coming had sent Salvatore Maranzano to the States to take over the crime empire there and to establish the Mafia in America even more. He actually planned to follow Marranzano and take over leadership himself but he never got the chance, because he was arrested in 1929. Vito Cascio Ferro was sentenced to life imprisonment. Vito Cascio Ferro established the Mafia in America, he also made sure that this criminal society had a future in the USA when he sent more Mafiosi to the States. Charlie Luciano (1896 – 1962): Charlie Luciano was born in Lercara Friddi, Sicily, on 11th November, 1896. His family moved to the United States in 1906 and they settled in New York. He began his criminal career by selling drugs when he was really young. In 1915 he was arrested in the possession of several kilos of heroin. When he came out of prison he again chose the criminal career. In 1920 he became a member of a Mafia gang, which had allready established itself in America. By 1925 Luciano criminal career was going really well, he became the Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s second hand, he directed bootlegging, prostitution and drug distribution. In 1929 a gang war broke out between Lucianoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Don and Salvatore Maranzano. During this gang war Luciano was kidnapped by Maranzano’s men and was stabbed with an ice pick. His attackers thought he was dead and therefore left him. But he miraculously survived and was known from now on as Lucky Luciano. In April 1931, Luciano, Albert Anastasia and Bugsy Siegel, were involved in the murder of their Don, Joe Masseria. They now controlled the Mob Masseria had left and the business as well, so they therefore controlled one of the strongest Mafia gangs to this time. This was not enough power for Luciano, six months later he arranged the killing of Salvatore Maranzano with the help of Meyer Lansky. Luciano was now the most important criminal boss in New York and one reason why the Mafia could establish itself in the USA in the 1920à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s – 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s. But this was still not enough power for him and he therefore joined with Louis Lepke Buchalter, Abe Reles and Albert Anastasia to form Murder Incorporated which was an organisation that carried out executions for money. This again showed how strong the Mafia already was, they found a killing organisation under the eyes of the American law. Everything went well for the American Mafia and Lucky Luciano till 1936 when he was sentenced for a life in prison for 30 years. But once again the Mafia in the US showed its strength, Luciano could continue controlling his criminal empire from prison. In February, 1946, he was deported to Italy where he lived for a short time, but in 1947 he went to Cuba to control his criminal activities in the USA. The US were able to get rid of his activities when they sent him back to Italy again. He died of a heart attack in Naples on 26th January, 1962. Lucky Luciano was really important for the rise of the American Mafia because he unlike Maranzano, who tried to impose himself as the Emperor in an organisation modelled after the Roman Empire, Luciano organised a decentralised structure in which the major crime families divided up territories and spheres of activities and met, when necessary, to mediate differences between the various families. This served to prevent the all-out wars that had wracked the Mafia in the 1930’s while allowing organised crime to grow even richer and more entrenched in the United States of America. Charlie Luciano gained a lot of power when he killed two of the most powerful Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s in the USA, he also stopped the gang wars and reorganised the system how the Mafia worked. Joseph Bonanno (1905 – 2002): Joseph Bonanno became the boss of one of the most prominent crime families in the world, the Bonanno crime family. He began his career with extorting money from businesses and little crimes. In 1927 Salvatore Maranzano, who had been sent over by Don Vito Cascio Ferro, the Italian man who dreamed of Mafia control overseas, had arrived to meet up with Bonanno and others to bring the American Mafia under Don Vito’s control. Maranzano began a fight with the man who, until then, led Mafia activities in New York: Joe The Boss Masseria. The war between them became known as the Castellemarese War. Several young Mafiosi’s were involved in this war, Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Siegel, Meyer Lansky and indeed Joseph Bonano, known as the young generation of mobsters. Lucky Luciano, Joe Bonanno and others were tired of the bloodshed, and fearful that all of this violence would draw too much attention from the authorities on their interests, set up a meeting which led to the creation of the crime Commission, and hits on Masseria, and Maranzano, marking the end of the era of the Mustache Petes. The Commission consisted of five Mafia families, and the Bonanno Mafia family was one of them. Bonanno took over what used to be mainly Maranzano’s faction. This Commision was really important for the uprising of the Mafia because it made sure thet the families would not fight against each other. Bonanno did not like violent conflicts, he therefore ruled his family with fairness, and in addition to his to gambling and other rackets, focused his attention on more legitimate ventures such as the clothing industry, and funeral businesses. Bonanno established himself on the West Coast, particularly California, and Arizona, and other countries such as Cuba, and Canada which again shows the great influence of Bonanno and the American Mafia to this time. Joseph Bonanno was never convicted of a serious crime. He was once fined $450 and was jailed for terms of 8 and 14 months for contempt of court for refusing to answer questions but he never had been to prison any longer then 14 months. He was really important for the uprising Mafia society because he got rid of the old generation mobster, he also set up the Commision to calm the gang wars down and took over a great crime empire of Salvatore Moranzano, which made him one of the most powerful Donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of the Mafia history. Alphonse Capone (1899 – 1947): Al Capone, how he was also called, is probably the most famous Mafia Boss in the history of the American Mafia. He was born in New York and was the fourth oldest of nine children. He was known as a brutal Neapolitan mobster from the younger generation, who became a powerful force in the Sicilian-American Mafia and is therefore important for the question why the Mafia could rise in America. He is probably so well known because he was as an organisational and motivational genius who served as one of the architects of the nation-wide criminal Syndicate. Al Capone’s philosophy was that laws only applied to people who had enough money to live by them. He grew up in the slums of Brooklyn & received the nickname â€Å"Scarface† as the result of a knife wound. He was a fearsome enforcer for Five Points leader Johnny Torrio. Johnny Torrio stablished himself in Chicago’s Colosimo gang Capone quickly rose to the top of the Colosimo crime empire, which thanks to Torrio and Capone, included bootleg liquor among its enterprises. Capones real time came after Torrio narrowly escaped death on Jan. 24, 1925 and left the whole gang with all its businesses to Capone. Capone organised the syndicate with a plan to make crime in Chicago and throughout the United States run like a business monopoly. Through violence Capone became king of the Chicago underworld, â€Å"The Master Criminal.† With his methods he established a $110-million-a-year empire out of bootleg liquor, gambling, prostitution & labor rackets. The police tried several times to imprison him but too many businesses were tied to legal ones and too many officials, politicians and policeman were bribed by Capone. After a series of wars against other Mafia gangs a new national Syndicate was set up which was another step to establish the American Mafia even more. But he could enjoy the new underworld just for about a month. At the end of October in 1931 he was sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion. He already suffered from syphilis and in jail it was getting worse . He managed to leave prison and was never again involved in underworld affairs. He died in 1947 as maybe the greatest Mafia Boss the world has ever seen. His ability to co-ordinate, managing and motivate people made him one of the most powerful Mafia individuals and he had a great deal why the Mafia could establish itself in America. The Mafia in the 1920’s – 1940’s was so powerful that the Don’s and their gangs could do what ever they wanted to do. It is questionable if the individuals of the Mafia were just more powerful and the circumstances too perfect for the growth of the Mafia, or if the Police and the politicians in America were just too weak. What I can say for sure is that throughout history the Mafia was probably the system which was better organised than every government and more powerful than every other gangster culture this world has ever seen because many things that came together by chance which made America a perfect ground for the growth of a gangster culture. One of the most important reasons was the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America, it flooded some of the most mighty Don’s in American history to the USA and gave these Don’s the Mob they needed. Another thing was that these Don’s were able to keep a really strict discipline, organisation and hierarchy. Also important for the birth of this gangster culture was the prohibition, the fact that alcohol was illegal and the Mafia could produce it and sell it made it rich, but they had indeed other businesses too. The mighty Dons with their great gangs organised all these businesses and made the phenomenon Mafia in America in the 1920’s and 1940’s possible. Bibliography: Albini, Joseph: The American Mafia: Genesis of a Legend /Appleton-Century-Crofts (1971) Arlacchi, Pino: Men of Dishonour: Inside the Sicilian Mafia /William Morrow & Company, Inc. (1992) Catania, Enzo: MAFIA /St. Martin’s Press (1978) Foreman, Laura: True Crime: Mafia /Time-Life Books (1993) Reid, Ed: The Grim Reapers: The Anatomy of Organised Crime in America /Henry Regnery Company (1969) Repetto, Thomas: American Mafia: A History of its Rise to Power /Henry Holt and Company (2004) Short, Martin: Crime Inc.: The Story of Organised Crime /Arrow Books Ltd. (1997) Sondern, Frederick: Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia /Farrar, Straus and Cudahy (1959) Sterling, Claire: Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia /W.W. Norton & Company, (1990) Chambliss, William: Eine kriminelle Vereinigung. Politik und Verbrechen in den USA (1978) Websites: â€Å"A Brief History Of The Mafia http://www.pressanykey.com/mafia/history.html â€Å"Al Capone† http://www.tincat.demon.co.uk/alcapone.htm â€Å"Charles Luciano http://www.gambino.com/bio/charlesluciano.htm â€Å"How The Mafia Started† http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/9880/started.html

Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Media Campaign

SMIRNOFF NIGHTLIFE EXCHANGE MEDIA CAMPAIGN CHAU Hong Duc Table of content I. Analysis 1. Overview 2. Significant figures 3. Why is it successful? II. Recommendation III. References I. Analysis 1. Overview Smirnoff Night Life Exchange project is an annual promotion campaign integrates series of nightlife parties, leading to the biggest party in the November each year, along with global dancing competition judged by Madonna.Initiated by Smirnoff – the 1st worldwide vodka brand from 2010, Night Life Exchange reached a huge success in 2011; marked with November 12th 2011 night, with (1)50 countries and 10 million people around the world involved and celebrate the best world’s nightlife. 2. Significant figures (2) 10 million participants 50 countries 3000 tracks of partygoers 5000 â€Å"liked† Smirnoff cocktails on Facebook 8000 photos uploaded on Facebook One of 11 best social media campaigns in 2011 selected by Econsultancy. com (3) 3. Why is it successful?In this p art, I’ll just discuss on the media’s aspect, which I believe is the major factor leading to its success. Firstly, Smirnoff heavily takes advantages of social media, specifically Facebook fan pages. It created 50 fan pages for each country involved, such as Smirnoff Vietnam, Smirnoff. These pages are altogether connected to the main fan page of Smirnoff with the special application called Around the world, which earns more than 386,000 likes. Fan pages significantly make a huge impact on earning participants for the project. Along the line, they also generate local ebsite in each country to promote the event, to attract people signing up for the event and receiving any ideas for the biggest night, varied from which drinks are suggested, which singers should be put in and so on. On both pages and sites, they put on valuable information about cocktails recipes as well as creating amazing and viral small contests with prizes good enough for calling attendants. The two mos t important elements in this media campaign are: First, Smirnoff had a great idea of hosting an enormous one-of-a-kind event locally, which means people from all over the world can enjoy a mutual experience.This obviously woke up either the feeling of national pride or the toward-global tendency. Second, Smirnoff created the two-way communication with their target customers. They can technically involve in organizing â€Å"their† own party through the possibility of sharing thousands ideas. It’s excellent that Smirnoff is having an open dialogue rather just informing information to audiences. In conclusion, Smirnoff successfully created the shared value for an event, which is social media all about.Besides, the logo is very well designed with the theme color is red, which is also the theme color of Smirnoff with the symbol of an eagle, represents a feeling of powerful and courtesy. II. Recommendation However, there is still room for improvement if Smirnoff want to get bigger achievements through this project. I went through some of Nightlife Exchange’s local website and realized that the design, as well as domain name of those websites is not consistent, for example in Vietnam, it’s bethere. n but in another country, it’s totally different. Therefore, I recommend that instead of having separate websites, they should link all of countries into one mother site and from there, direct to local page, such as bethere. com/Vietnam or bethere. com/brazil. This would help them organize better customer database, better statistics and easily keep track of their customer. I also highly suggest using mobile marketing, which is cheap and fast method to spread out the information to audiences as well as check-in function on Facebook.They should encourage their fans to do check-in whenever they go to the party. This will create an impressive appearance on fan pages. Last but not least, the slogan â€Å"Be There†, though it’s qu ite suitable for the beginning phase, should be change into some words more encourage the individual uniqueness like â€Å"Be Yourself There† or â€Å"Be Unique There†. I think it will encourage people to join party and prove themselves to all people in the world and create a vast diversity of styles, bringing more liveliness to an event. III. Refernces (1)Madonna Resurfaces in Smirnoff Social Media Promotion http://mashable. com/2011/08/17/madonna-smirnoff/ – Todd Wasserman, Mashable, Aug 2011 * (2)Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Project Gathers Millions Globally for the World's Biggest Nightlife Experience http://www. marketwire. com/press-release/smirnoff-nightlife-exchange-project-gathers-millions-globally-worlds-biggest-nightlife-1586027. htm – Marketwire, 2011 * (3)11 of the best social media campaigns of 2011 (and what we can learn from them) * http://econsultancy. om/fr/blog/8452-the-best-social-media-campaigns-of-2011-and-what-we-can-learn-from-them – Steve Richards, Econsultancy. com, Dec 2011 * Superstar line-up for the Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Projectâ„ ¢ with The Potbelleez, Fourplay DJ's And DJ Gordo http://www. irishtimes. com/events/smirnoff-nightlife-exchange/thailand-exchange. html – Iristimes. com * https://www. facebook. com/Smirnoff * http://nightlifeexchange. vice. com/en * The Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Project 2011 video clip http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=k9lCf8VkMio

Strategic Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Operations Management - Essay Example Hayes (p 10) says that operations role is bigger than that of just implementer of strategy. It is here that new ideas emerge, new knowledge, capabilities and learnings are getting acquired. New strategies are often arising even as one is being implemented. Emergent sense of what the strategy should be will come from the experiences and feedback from its operating staff based on which mid course strategy corrections could be done. An operations strategy is never complete without an appropriate implementation plan. The viability of strategy depends crucially on the manner of its implementation; a sound implementation can salvage poor strategy and best of strategies can be wrecked by bad implementation (Bettley et al). For this the plan must be clearly articulated, along with a monitoring plan. It will clearly communicate to the operations team the rationale behind the plan, the role of different functions, linkage between functional goals and strategy, clarity on concepts like market qualifiers and market winners and also the tradeoffs assumed. It will clearly communicate the start, timelines outcomes and the action needed by each function. It will be clear about resource allocation and plans for filling in gaps (for example new training in customer handling, training for use of new IT technology, etc). For instance the strategy may call for greater outsourcing instead of manufacturing which may mean smaller b udgets and dash hopes of expansion for the manufacturing department. The rationale behind this will need to be clearly communicated. Finally it will have a clear implementation agenda on when to start, where to start, the pace of implementation, how it will be coordinated and by whom. For the operations strategy to be successful, it would need to be a collaborative effort. OS should not follow a top-down approach alone; it should be predominantly bottom-up. For one it would help in drawing upon the knowledge and experience of the operations team. It will also be a sure method of communicating to the operations team the business strategy the organisation is following. It will be the surest way to ensure appropriateness of the strategy because operations manager will be able to see the fit better than anyone else and come out with gaps and shortcomings of the resources to meet the strategy. This approach would also ensure the ease and speed of implementation as much of the details of the plan are already considerably internalised by the operations team. Sadler (2000) says that a suitable planning process involving busy managers who are highly focussed on operations and a facilitator would greatly increase the chance of success of implementation of operations strategy. Friend (p 247) says that strategy so developed has to be communicated to the operations team in a way that they will take ownership of the implementation. Developing and communicating the plan will avoid "organisational myopia", i.e., inability to see between their own functional departments. It will also avoid unwanted grouse some functional personal may develop because they feel that their department has been neglected. Friend also says that a process developed in a collaborative manner

Boeing's Alliance with Foreign Partners Research Paper

Boeing's Alliance with Foreign Partners - Research Paper Example Because of the divergence in cultures of the two economies, the same job is performed differently in various cultural and national settings. However, the art to survive in a new market setting is designated as adaptability. Ultimately, the need to change compels an organization to alliance with local firms because they have the cultural awareness about a particular market environment. On the other hand, firms go into partnerships to acquire a novel technology as well. International airline companies, such as Boeing, are doing business in the international setting when in other industries this practice was considered as an impractical one. Therefore, these organizations are well aware of the strategic importance of an alliance, especially in a foreign market. It is imperative to modify the organizational structure and culture according to the situation of a market in which the organization is operating. An important reason for an alliance is to outsource a practice, which an organizat ion cannot perform adequately well or economically. Various organizations outsource the hiring function in a foreign market to a local consultancy because of its lack of knowledge about the educational standards prevailing in the alien market (Elmuti & Kathawala, 2001). The purpose of Boeing’s extensive alliances is based on developing a next generation technology by partnering with various firms, thus pooling resources to expedite the developmental process. An alliance could be defined as a strategic decision of two or more firms under which they have to collaborate their resources to achieve some common objectives or goals. Main reasons of this kind of decision are the need to understand a foreign market culture or advancement in the technological capabilities of an organization. Similarly, organization commits to an alliance to gain a condition called synergy (Pyke & Johnson, 2002) which allows different organizations to benefit from various capabilities and resources of e ach other, and attain a common goal (Gomes-Casseres, 2003). Organizations develop strategic alliances to forego the extra value chain costs; therefore, they hire other firms to do these tasks. For instance, Boeing fabricated a contract with Tata companies in India to produce engines for their aircrafts, and this decision was taken to reduce the cost of production, because Indian rupee is significantly low in comparison with the US currency. Boeing, therefore, managed to gain a large scale cost advantage by this decision. Boeing established collaboration with Ford in terms of nanotechnology. Moreover, Boeing and Airbus are working to develop an aircraft with aerodynamics, which would be able to make it efficient in terms of fuel consumption, with its modified structure (Micheal, 2002). Boeing is busy in the joint struggle with Lockheed Co. to develop an advanced rocket, designed to explore the secrets of space (Beighley, 2007). Boeing is also trying to develop aerospace technology th rough working together with Japanese firms; however, the main hindrance on the way to success for this venture is the divergence between the cultures of the people working on this project (McGuire, 2007). Japanese are holding the key influence during the execution of this venture because of their technological knowledge; therefore, the Americans have to cope with the way Japanese work. It is important to note that Japanese

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Summary - Essay Example However, many people have questioned the reality of the zero-hours working arrangement concept. To start with, there have been serious concerns about the zero-hours work arrangement. Firstly, there was a serious problem with the arrangement considering the requirement for employees to be present at work premises. Some employers only paid for the time that workers were actively working. This was a problem because this arrangement favored the employers only since employees could do nothing with the unpaid time that was spend at the employers premises (CIPDa, 2013). This problem was solved through legal regulations leading to the reduction of zero-hours work arrangement. However, the concept of zero-hours working contract has been shown to develop popularity in the recent years. Secondly, there has been a concern about employment rights and benefits to the employees working under the zero-hours work arrangement. Under this arrangement, many employees are not entitled to benefits such as work service on retirement. Finally, there is a concern about financial insecurity for the employees under this system. This is because there are a lot of uncertainties considering the fact that workers get paid for work done only when they get an opportunity to work. Interestingly, zero-hours contracts, like other forms of casual work contracts, involves transfer of risks between the employers and employees. However, it is worth pointing out that employers also take some form of risk in these types of arrangements because employees may not be available at the time of need (CIPD, 2013). This is in contrast to the permanent forms of employment contracts where there is mutual agreement between the employer and employee depending on the bargaining powers of each party. On the other hand, leaders express different opinions concerning the Zero-hours contracts work arrangement. This is evidenced by the different feedbacks from leaders interviewed in the BBC News. During the

Enlightenment History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment History - Term Paper Example It is a natural contradiction, but a legitimate one. â€Å"Man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains.† (e.g., Rousseau, â€Å"Social Contract,† Book I, Part 1) Another idea of the enlightenment was that people should be able to live without fear, free of superstition and blind obedience to the powers and authorities-that-be and that truth is to be found in scientific fact, not in opinion or faith. â€Å"We wish in a word to fulfill the requirements of nature, to accomplish the destiny of mankind, to make good the promises of philosophy... that France, hitherto illustrious among slave states, may eclipse the glory of all free peoples that have existed, become the model of all nations.... That is our ambition; that is our aim. What kind of government can realize these marvels? Only a democratic government.... But to found and to consolidate among us this democracy, to realize the peaceable rule of constitutional laws, it is necessary to conclude the war of liberty against tyranny and to pass successfully through the storms of revolution.† (e.g., Robespierre, â€Å"Speech,† †¦). Enlightenment revolutionaries also believed that differences are nothing compared to similarities, or in the idea â€Å"such as is common† to all humanity. ... The period of Enlightenment also brought us the idea that society is structured by a general philosophy that â€Å"we are what we buy,† or buy into. We must produce and distribute in order to be viable, and many of us today do define ourselves by our jobs. As to religion, Voltaire stated (paraphrased) â€Å"If God did not exist, we'd invent him.† â€Å"It is very true that we do not know any too well what the soul is: no one has ever seen it. All that we do know is that the eternal Lord of nature has given us the power of thinking, and of distinguishing virtue. It is not proved that this faculty survives our death: but the contrary is not proved either. It is possible, doubtless, that God has given thought to a particle to which, after we are no more, He will still give the power of thought: there is no inconsistency in this idea.† (e.g., Voltaire, â€Å"Universal Toleration,† †¦.) Finally, the Age of Enlightenment philosophers taught us that people a re best left self-governed. In the best interests of human rights, the aristocracy (the rich and powerful) cannot be allowed to be the only ruling schema and from this we derived our principle beliefs about democracy. Today, the French Republic is governed by the people and has an elected president and national representatives called a parliament. France was under absolute monarchy (aristocracy) until 1789, then it went to a republic government, back to a monarchy, and finally, by 1850, was a Republic again. Did the revolutionaries transform France into an enlightened nation? Yes. Did the revolutionaries transform the nation of France into an enlightened state of mind? Questionable, at best. The nation still declares itself majorly

Hubble Showcase Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hubble Showcase - Term Paper Example These stars are also held together loosely and are young stars that will gradually disperse with years. The spiral galaxy is a swirl of dust and gas particles as well as stars and is as vast as twice our galaxy which is the Milky Way. It is also called M101 and it is thought to have one trillion stars which is worthy of being put in Hubble’s gallery. 100 billion of the stars could be as fiery as the Sun and also as old as the sun. The outer arms of the galaxy have star forming nebulae and there a hydrogen particles as well that form clouds. New stars that are hot in temperate also branch out from these arms. It is such a thin galaxy that Hubble’s telescope can spot galaxies beyond that it as well which is equally fascinating. It is also termed Pinwheel galaxy due to its shape and it rests in the northern part of the constellation which is called Ursa Major also nicknamed The Great Bear, which itself is a many million light years away from the Earth. The distance from the worth, its shape and the number so stars it contains and the more in depth view into the world beyond are worth putting in a gallery. Nebulas are so far away from earth and even to the astronomer’s eye that they become fascinating subjects to study. Their structure is hard to gauge as well as their full form. The Helix Nebula looks like a colorful donut type image. It seems to be the gaseous evolution of something from a star that looks like a sun and it’s difficult to interpret. Some find it to have a mysterious coil like a snake shape. Latest research shows that even though it’s difficult to interpret it looks like there are two disks made of gas that are perpendicular and that is what forms its shape. It is called the NGC 7293. The supernova shockwave also called SN 1987A is the consequence of a stellar explosion which was the brightest the world had seen seventeen years ago. For months it blazed with the intensity of 100,000,000 suns and now even

Sustainable Supply Chain Management Assignment Discussion Essay

Sustainable Supply Chain Management Assignment Discussion - Essay Example Furthermore, there have been increasing concerns over the long-term effects of these processed foods such as diabetes and obesity and a myriad of other dangerous health conditions. According to research by Oxform, none of the top 10 big multinationals has registered a positive overall rating in their public health policies or commitments especially as pertains to their supply chain. This is probably why in recently millions of packaged food products containing horsemeat instead of beef were distributed in America and Europe; that a firm with such a wide scope could make a great error in their supply chain is evidence that they were not taking their corporate social responsibility very seriously. The aim of this paper is to discusscorporate social responsibilities concerning global supply chains and the development of shared values within the corporates. The Oxform report, â€Å"Title Behind the Brands† goes on to place the multination to task for their extreme secrecy in opera tions, which makes it difficult for sustain and verify their claims of social corporate responsibility (Cofino, 2013). According to this report, despite the fact that 80% of the global populace is perennially hungry; enormous tracts of land are used in the production of unhealthy foods and snacks which in no way address the problem. There is a direct connection, according to oxform, between the global poverty endemic and the food and beverage industry, this is because the sourcing strategy for the fast food industry. Poor nations have supplied the multinationals; most of which are located in the West with products such as tomatoes, soy, coffee, tea, corn and so on; the final products of their exports are fast foods retailed in the west and are of little use in dealing with the hunger issues. In this nations there are a myriad issues ranging from child labour, unfair wages and poor working conditions, as a result firms sourcing their supply from these countries often be highly critic ized for profiting from the problems therein (Schlegelmilch and Obersede 2007, p.14). The report is highly critical of the corporates actions since in their attempt to assist the farmers who produce these raw materials, they focus on superficial aspects such as training farmers on matters, such as irrigation. However, they fail to address the underlying problem of poverty and in a way of their help, they are actually just enhancing their supply base as opposed to actually, assisting people solve the underlying problems(Agbonifo, 2011). In case they were willing, the corporates can ensure workers earn decent pay, asses and eliminate the root cause of hunger and poverty from the areas where they get their supplies. Nevertheless, majority choose to do nothing significant in those respects and do not feel obligated since they lack proper polices for guiding their supply chain operations. The study involved some of the leading food producers in the world such as coca cola, Unilever assoc iated British foods and nestle; these firms were judged based on their standards in several areas such as transparency and their consideration for the rights of workers and food safety. Sadly, very few were able to give a substantiated account of how they deal with suppliers and how they ensure that ethical practices are maintained throughout the supply chain. Associated British foods were ranked last with 19%; its transparency was the lowest, among other things it was discovered that much of the sugar

E-Recruiting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Recruiting - Research Paper Example E-recruitment is also referred to as online recruitment (Briscoe, 2012). The job applicants are expected to forward a CV together with the cover letter through online platforms. The job advertisers retrieve the CV and screen it (Schweyer, 2004). This procedure applies to multiple candidates seeking to fill the same position. This method differs with the traditional form of recruitment that used involve paper work, travelling and interviewing. Technology allows online interviews and selection processes. Studies show that over 55 percent of software developers and engineers recruited in the United States followed the online procedure. Majority of the engineers came from India and were interviewed through video conferencing and online testing (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). This has allowed companies to get the best skills from the global market. E-recruitment is not effective when there is a vital need for physical interactions with the clients or interviewees. The striking advantage of e-r ecruitment is the enhancement of access (Schweyer, 2004). The applicants can overcome geographical barriers when it comes to applying for a job. The process gives the applicants instant replies unlike the traditional systems (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). As more people gain access to technology, e-recruitment is growing at a fast rate. It has made the processing of employees data faster and efficient (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). Modern organizations use agencies that adversities vacancies at cost effective prices (Briscoe, 2012). A telling example is Nike which has gained tremendously from the installation of the software ‘active recruiter’. This helped reduced the time of refilling vacancies by almost a month. Resumes can be stored in large data bases and information is seldom lost. The process of mitigating unwanted results involves ensuring foolproof software is used in the e-recruitment process. Each applicant is treated as a potential employee (Briscoe, 2012). Therefore , the online platform used in the recruitment process is designed to ensure that job applicant reveals their potential and vision for the applied position. This entails having installation of effective and efficient data base software and the use of competent personnel (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). The software ensures that recruiter is part of the process and applicants have active and responsive profile pages on websites (Brewster, 2003). The online system for recruitment sends automated messages to the applicants after some duration (Juana-Espinosa, 2012). This ensures the system remains updated. Studies show that e-recruitment has saved over 50 percent of recruitment costs. Mitigating unintended results Organizations must ensure they use competent staff in carrying out the online procedures (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). The human resource information systems should be customized to meet the goals and expectation of the company (Brewster, 2003). HRIS should encourage a response and int eractive environment between the employees, management and job applicants. The information technology department should recommend the most efficient software through careful research and recommendations (Hopkins & Markham, 2003). Organizations through invest is secure systems to ensure that the hackers have to access to private information. An increasing number of organizations are becoming vulnerable to cyber attacks. It is recommended that organizations develop means of

Employment At Will-Doctrine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment At Will-Doctrine - Research Paper Example The assumption in this doctrine is that the employee only supplies the labor and has no legal interest in the business enterprise other than to be paid for the labor offered while the employer has the sole right to determine everything on how the enterprise operates or it is run. The American labor law has however been in a confused mode as in certain instances; there courts and the legislature develop some rules to limit the employers’ absolutism over his employees while at the same time adhering to the employment at will doctrine. Therefore, the premise of the doctrine is that the employer has the sovereignty over the rights of the employees except to the extent it has expressly granted those rights and expresses as well as implements the subordination of workers to the persons who have control over the business enterprise. In the absence of a provision protecting the employee from such acts in the employment contract, workers are subordinate and their terms and conditions o f employment can be changed in any way and at any time meaning they can be dismissed without reason or notice. Due to the ambivalence of the employment at will doctrine, the courts have made decisions to limit its scope in order to provide protection to employees who may be unfairly dismissed or unjustly discharged from employment. One way the courts have diminished the scope of employment at will doctrine is to allow an employee discharged from employment to sue in tort rather than in contract as held in Petermann v. Intl Bhd. of Teamsters, Local 396, 344 P.2d 25 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1959). In this case, the California court held that the discharging of an employee along the doctrine because he refused to commit perjury was contrary to public policy and therefore the employee could sue the employer for emotional distress, loss of income as well as punitive damages. Limitations on employment at will doctrine has also

Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath. Essay Example for Free

Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath. Essay The poem Lady Lazarus gives us an insight into the troubled life of the poet Sylvia Plath. She lost her father at an early age. Supported solely by her mother she went through a very rough childhood. In fact, Sylvia Plath escaped a near fatal accident in her childhood and went on to attempt suicide twice in the following years of her life. In the poem, Plath lets her emotions flow and sheds light on her distress. In this poem, Sylvia Plath uses Holocaust imagery extensively. The Holocaust, as is widely known, refers to the inhuman torture and exploitation of the Jews by the Nazis. The first mention of the gruesome Holocaust comes in the form of a comparison between herself and a Nazi lampshade. Unbelievable as it may seem, the Nazis used the skins of the Jews to make lampshades. Plath feels that she has been used in a similar manner. Throughout her life Plath had been in and out of hospital. So much so that she felt like an object on display; a mere, inconsequential living thing on which the doctors happily carried out various experiments. The Nazis used to take away all valuable articles from the Jews, including expensive fabrics like linen. Plath refers to her skin as Jew linen, again indicating that she was used as an object. Plath suffered a nervous breakdown in her childhood. To cure her, doctors had no choice but to use shock treatment, subjecting her to unbearable pain in the process. In the poem, Plath uses the word charge which has a pun on it, referring to the brutal pain inflicted on her by the doctors. In this instance, a parallel can be drawn to the inhuman torture experienced by the Jews. In the poem, Plath refers to herself as a valuable and a pure gold baby, which is again an example of Holocaust imagery. It is widely believed that the Nazis were so cruel that they not only used the Jews to do physical work but also used their bodies to make objects like soap. Their golden teeth were plucked out and melted to make valuables such as wedding rings. Their corpses were then burnt to erase all trace of their existence. The mention of all this in the poem makes us believe that Sylvia Plath considered herself to be stifled, oppressed and exploited, just like the Jews. Finally, a striking similarity is noticed in the manner in which Plath chose to end her life and the methods used to exterminate the Jews. The Jews were killed in gas chambers where poisonous gases devoured their internal organs. Plath committed suicide by putting her head inside an oven, and died as a result of gas poisoning. In my opinion this was perhaps because she felt herself so alike the Jews that she preferred to end her life in the very same manner. Thus, we can safely conclude that Holocaust imagery forms a significant part of Sylvia Plaths poem Lady Lazarus. b) After critically analyzing the poem, the Holocaust imagery which has been used widely, seems fairly effective in conveying the poets message. It is clear from the poem that Sylvia Plath felt she has been driven to suicide by society as a whole. Evidently, she believed that life had been too unfair to her. This feeling stems from her childhood, when she lost her father. This horrific incident left a gaping void in her life. A major part of her moral support had been cruelly snatched from her. To add to this, Plath had a pitiable medical record. She made frequent visits to the hospital throughout her life. The excruciating shock treatment she received shook her completely. Once Plath got married, her personal life suffered even more. Her husband had been unfaithful to her, further aggravating her pitiable condition. Overall, Plaths life was depressing to say the least. Plath was consumed by self-pity throughout her life. In this regard, the Holocaust imagery used by Plath is very effective and appropriate. It reminds us of historys most vicious tale of cruelty. This justifies its use to depict Plaths life. However, in other respects, the Holocaust imagery cannot effectively portray Plaths life. An important reason being that the Jews always had the will to survive. They were members of an affluent community who were stripped off all their possessions by the Nazis. Plath on the other hand had attempted suicide twice. This is a glaring difference between Plaths life and the Holocaust, making it quite ineffective in conveying her message. Another important difference is that the Holocaust was a planned genocide which involved the death of approximately six million people. Plaths comparison seems quite irrelevant in this aspect, as she talks about the death of a single person (herself). Finally, one of the most important differences is that Plath considered death to be a performance. At the end of the poem, Plath says that she was about to rise like a phoenix, referring to her own death. To her, attaining death was like being resurrected, as she would be freed from her troubled life. Plath believed death to be a means of attaining victory over life. She clearly mentions that when she survived her second suicide attempt, it was a theatrical comeback. In comparison, the Holocaust was only about forcing people into giving up their lives. Thus, in my opinion, taking these factors and many more subtle differences onto consideration, the Holocaust imagery is fairly effective in conveying Plaths message.

Colgate Emery Process

Colgate Emery Process Colgate-Emery process, or modifications of it, is the most efficient and inexpensive method for large scale production of saturated fatty acids from fats and oils, and for the production of unsaturated fatty acids generally below IV levels of 120 (fish-derived) or 140 (soya, etc). The high temperature and pressure used permit short reaction time. In continuous, counter-current splitting the fatty oil is deaerated under a vacuum to prevent darkening by oxidation during processing. It is charged at a controlled rate to the bottom of the splitting tower through a sparge ring, which breaks the fat into droplets. The oil in the bottom contacting section rises because of its lower density and extracts the small amount of fatty material dissolved in the aqueous glycerine phase. At the same time deaerated, demineralized water is fed to the top contacting section, where it extracts the glycerine dissolved in the fatty phase. After leaving the contacting sections, the two streams enter the reaction zone. Here they are brought to reaction temperature by the direct injection of high pressure steam, and then the final phase of splitting occurs. The fatty acids are discharged from the top of the splitter to a evaporation chamber, where the entrained water is separated or flashed off. The glycerine-water solution is then discharged (to evap oration chamber. The sweet water is concentrate to 30% glycerine concentration before pre-treatment section) from the bottom of an automatic interface controller to a settling tank. Full counter-current flow of oil and water produces a high degree of splitting without the need of a catalyst. However, a catalyst may be used to increase reaction rate further. Method Colgate-Emery Process GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY Principle 3: The substances used and produced are non-toxic Principle 5: No harmful solvent and auxiliary are used Principle 7: The raw material is renewable source which come from plant Principle 10: The products are all bio-degradable. Catalyst No catalyst Conversion Process temperature 250-260 Â °C Process pressure 5MPa Composition of final product 90% Fatty acids 10% Glycerine Process time needed 2-3 hour at 250 Â °C and 5MPa Hazardous Reactant/By product or product Glycerine May cause eye and skin irritation. Ingestion of large amounts may cause gastrointestinal irritation Inhalation of a mist of this material may cause respiratory tract irritation May cause headache Energy consumption Energy Intensive Type of reaction Endothermic Raw material cost Safety factor High pressure process No harmful chemical is used Flexibility of operation Unreacted vegetable oil is recycled to prevent waste of raw material. Variability of feedstock such as: corn oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, etc Catalyst may be added to enhance the process Process Description The splitting tower is the most important part of this hydrolysis process. The Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBD PO) is preheated and feed into the column bottom by means of a sparge ring, around 1 m with a high-pressure pump. Water is introduced near the top at a ratio of 40-50% of the weight of the oil. The high splitting temperature (250-260 Â °C) ensures adequate dissolution of the water phase into the oil so that mechanical means for bringing the two phases into contact are not required. The oil rises through the hot glycerol-water collecting section at the bottom of the column and passes through the oil-water interface into the continuous phase, the oil layer in which hydrolysis takes place. Direct injection of high pressure steam at certain points quickly raises the temperature to 260 Â °C and enhances the splitting of oil. The continuous, countercurrent high pressure process splits fats in 98- 99% efficiency in only 2- 3 hours with little or no discoloration of the fatty acids and an efficient use of steam. The fatty acids are discharged from the top of the splitter to an evaporator, where the entrained water is separated or flashed off. The glycerine-water solution is then discharged from the bottom of an automatic interface controller to a settling tank. The vapour from evaporator is compressed, cooled and then collected at the feed water tank. After evaporator, the crude fatty acids are undergoing a series of distillation to separate different fatty acids according to their boiling point. Because of the inherent sensitivity of fatty acids toward heat, the distillation methods employed should be conducted at as low a temperature as practically and economically feasible while maintaining the shortest residence time of the fatty acid in the distillation unit. The separation sequence of fatty acids of palm oil is pre C-14, palmitic acid, mixture of oleic acid and linoleic acid, stearic acid and residue. The sweet water is let to settle down to separate into upper phase of unreacted fat and fatty acid and settle sweet water. It is settles for approximately 24 h at 80-90 Â °C and a pH of 4-5. Phosphoric acid is sometimes used to help break any emulsion, but this is not always required. The fats and fatty acids are decanted from the top of the sweet water and returned to the splitter feed for recycle. The settled sweet water is then sent to the evaporators for concentration. This alternative method requires two tanks, one for settling and one for collecting the sweet water. The tanks are alternated every 24 h to run continuously. The pre-treated sweet water will pass through 3 evaporators in series. This is accomplished by joining two or more evaporators in series using the heat from the live steam. The water vapour obtained from each evaporator is condensed to process water before being reused in the splitting column. Through these 3 evaporators in series, crude glycerine of about 88% can be obtained. The crude glycerine is then store in a tank. Reaction System Fat Splitting Column Refined Bleached Deodorised Palm Oil (RBD PO) is feed from the bottom of the column and the water is feed from the top of the column. The high temperature (250 Â °C) and high pressure (50MPa) enhance the solubility of water in oil phase where hydrolysis of oil occurs. The empty volume of the tower is used as the reaction compartment. The crude fat passes as a coherent phase from the bottom to the top through the tower, whereas the heavier splitting water travels downward as a dispersed phase through the mixture of fat and fatty acid. The mixture of fatty acid and entrained water is obtained at the top while the sweet water which contain 10 to 18% of glycerine. Approximately 2 hours of reaction time is needed to reach degrees of splitting up to 99%. Separation System Evaporator The fatty acids are discharged from the top of the splitting column to a evaporator, where the entrained water is separated or flashed off. The water content is removed to prevent oxidation and degradation fatty acids. The water vapour are then condensed and collected at the feed water tank. Distillation Column Due to the different carbon chain length and level of saturation of fatty acids, fatty acids can be separated according to their own boiling point. Due to the sensitivity of fatty acids toward heat, Distillation is carried out under high vacuum and lower temperatures and with the shortest residence time allowable. Typically, the distillation unit will work at a vacuum of 1.2kPa or less and temperature according to the feed composition and boiling point. After this series of distillation columns, 99% of palmitic acid, mixture of oleic acid and linoleic acid at 99% and 99 % stearic acid are achieved. The light cut or pre C14 fatty acids contain volatile impurities as well as odor and color bodies. The residue which consists of the higher boiling components, usually of lower quality can either be withdrawn separately or recycled directly for redistillation.

Psycho 1960 Alfred Hitchcock | Analysis

Psycho 1960 Alfred Hitchcock | Analysis Psycho, directed by Alfred Hitchcock was considered one of the scariest films of its time. Created in 1960 it broke the conventions of film shocking audiences, leaving it rated X, now rated at 15 people of today wouldnt understand the shock factor it had in the 60s but is instead seen as a classic and a great horror film for the conventions it broke for all films. Psycho: The best horror film of all time is the headline of a recent article on the Guardian website proving that still in 2010, 50 years on that its still considered the greatest. Horror as a genre holds many codes and conventions of its own that psycho portrays for example the big house in the middle of nowhere and obviously the rain. Things like this are aimed to create fear, to deal with things from nightmares, to elicit suspense, which was the aim for Hitchcocks films. Psycho was Hitchcocks first horror film and from then on hes been known as the master of suspense. He was the creator of the MacGuffin, something that drives the story, he used sharp violins to create suspense, while the audience let their own minds create the rest. In this essay I plan to deconstruct two scenes from the film, looking at the Mise-en-scene and mise-en-shot. Mise-en-scene being everything in front of the camera that creates the scene, Hitchcock only puts something in shot if it meant something. Mise-en shot-being the opposite everything behind the scenes the camera work that helps create the emotion in Hitchcock films, the construction of the shots. Opening scene The opening scene begins with the credits criss-crossing in a pattern with the images mirroring, which could be seen as foreshadowing the schizophrenic personality of Norman Bates. A wide panning shot establishes the surroundings being a city and the audience see the exact time of day( 2:43pm). The camera zooms into a room window the blinds are drawn and the camera sneaks in as if it were a peeping tom. The characters in the room, Marion and Sam, are obviously hiding something having the blinds drawn in the middle of the day and the audience sneaking in makes them a part of the secret. Once in the room we see Marion laid on the bed half naked which was unheard of in films of the 60s let alone being in the room with a half-naked man that she isnt married too. Even the implication of sex was a taboo in films. Marion brings up the subject of marriage whilst in his embrace. The camera shot is a close up as if we are a part of the situation. When he doesnt give her the answer she was looking for her body language changes, as does the camera angle. She is giving him the cold shoulder as does the audience, which shows Marion as the main character, that we are on her side. He gives in and tells her what she wants to hear not before leaving the guilt trip on her because of how emasculated he felt. The camera angles represent the distance and emotion between the characters. Sam begins to moan about his lack of money and mentions his Ex-wife as opening the blinds and looking out as if to look for her, trying to find reasons not to get married. The camera is pulled out again showing the characters relationship troubles. We know Marion wants to marry Sam and would do anything for it to be possible. The Parlour scene Marion is in her hotel room waiting for Norman when she hears arguing between Norman and his mother. She becomes concerned as Norman comes down looking nervous and stuttering. He doesnt want to enter Marions room for fear of upsetting his mother he even found it difficult showing her around the room because he feels uncomfortable with being alone in a room with her, especially showing her the bathroom which he cant even say because its even more uncomfortable being in a room where people are naked. He suggests going to the parlour where he feels more comfortable using the excuse of warmth, all the time the camera stays mainly at mid shots perhaps showing how uncomfortable he is. The room is filled with stuffed birds of prey as if he has her in his trap, as if she is his prey. The conversation is small; his weird nervous comments are seen as small talk and not all threatening. He comes across as lonely when he brings up his hobby of taxidermy, which explains the mass of birds Well, its, its more than a hobby. A hobbys supposed to pass the time, not fill it, and a boys best friend is his mother proving he has no friends. The conversation stays conventional and each character is framed by medium shots. As the subject of his mother becomes a bigger topic he leans forward as if on the edge of his seat. Norman explains how he resents his mother and would like nothing more than to just leave her, but he cant because shes ill. The camera angle is now to the side and just below Norman r evealing and owl in the striking position as if he is the prey this time, he is captured by his mother. The atmosphere becomes very defensive when Marion suggests sending his mother to a home. The camera closes in on Normans face showing his reaction he becomes short and snappy describing a mental home as if hes been there before or as if he is afraid of it. He doesnt feel she deserves to be in a home, stating she is harmless But shes harmless! Shes as harmless as one of those stuffed birds! giving the audience a foreshadowing that shes actually a corpse. The camera angle becomes less intense in the change of subject when Marion wants to return to her room, Norman stays sitting when she gets up to leave as if it will make her stay, he wants to stay in her company. Marion slips up when Norman asks her name again telling him where shes going and her real name rather than the one she wrote in the logbook. He asked her these questions just as she was leaving as if he knew she was lying. A more sinister look comes across Normans face when he realises hes been lied too; he knows his mother wouldnt like it and would think she was a trouble maker. As Norman leaves the parlour to go back and tend to his mother we see the change happening like something switches in his head. In conclusion we see how important mise-en-scene and mise-en-shot is in every aspect of the film; Hitchcock uses camera angles to depict emotion in all of his characters, wide shots to show cold emotions, close intense shots to show anger and low angles to show vulnerability. Also Hitchcock proves that it doesn t have to be the same MacGuffin to push the story along throughout the film as Marion is killed early on. Psycho is the proof that horror doesnt just have to be gore and blood its more psychological than that.

Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals and the Media - Lesbians on TV :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Lesbians on TV: Illusion of Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When television first appeared back in the 1940's, times were very different.   What we would consider completely normal today would have seemed quite taboo just a few decades ago. For example, in 1953, Lucille Ball was not allowed to say the word "pregnant" while she was expecting baby Ricky and it wasn't until the 1960's show Bewitched, that we saw a married couple actually sharing the same bed.   Considering how conservative the television networks were back then, it is not hard to deduce that something as controversial as homosexuality would be far from discussed or portrayed at any level.   It was only in 1973 that television premiered its first homosexual character.   Over the next three decades the emergence of gay and lesbian characters in television has increased and decreased as the times have changed. Due to the resurgence of conservatism that came back in the early 1980's, homosexual topics were again reduc ed to a minimum.   Since that time though, as many people can see, there has been a rise of gay and lesbian characters on television. One might think after a first glance at the previous sentence that there has been progress among gay and lesbian communities to have a fair representation in the media.   However, if one looks hard at the circumstances surrounding their portrayal, many people may start to believe that if there has been any progress then it has been quite minimal.   In the 1990's there has been what is called a "normalized movement"(Warner 41).   This so-called movement has permeated into all aspects of the Gay and Lesbian movement's agenda.   It has become increasingly clear in the realms of the media such as television, movies and magazines.   The major objective for the proponents of this movement is to make the homosexual seem "normal."   This would be done by not focusing on the sexual nature of the homosexual.   Since their sexual behavior is considered deviant by society, any outward expression of it will be looked down upon.   So, it has been the goal of some leaders of the movement as well as those who control the media outlets to separate the identity and sexuality of the homosexual as far as possible.

Body Composition :: essays research papers

According to Mosbey's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, Body Composition is defined as the relative proportions of protein, fat, water, and mineral components in the body. It varies as a result of differences in body density and degree of obesity. Basically body composition describes the percentages of fat, bone, and muscle in a persons body. The percentages of body fat a person has determines their overall health and fitness when compared to factors like age, weight, and sex. Body composition also contributes to a persons overall appearance. A healthy male should have about12 to 18 percent of fat. Females should have around 14 to 20 percent. Any thing over or under these percentages would be considered unhealthy.The term's weight and fat are usually used in the same context when discussing physical fitness. Under certain circumstances, being overweight doesn't mean that a person is unhealthy. A person could be in good physical shape but considered overweight because the y have excess muscle. People with a lot of muscle mass usually have body weight, which is disproportional to their height. Having a high percentage of fat is unhealthy because it can cause heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes.It is important to know your body fat percentage because it can help you put together a realistic exercise program with goals that are attainable. A good exercise program incorporates both aerobic exercises, which burn fat and anaerobic exercises, which build muscle. It is healthier to turn fat into muscle instead of just trying to loose weight without thinking about gaining strength. The best way for a person to change his or her body composition is to improve their fitness levels. Fitness has different meanings to different people. Some people define fitness as having a small waistline. Other people may feel that fitness is the ability to bench-press their body weight ten times.

Foreign-Born American, Yes You Can Become President! Essay -- American

Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution states that no person except a natural-born citizen shall be eligible to run for President of the United States. This was due to John Jay, the presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention, who wrote a letter to George Washington in 1787 arguing that the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army should not be anyone but a natural-born American (Schneider 6). The Founders were concerned that subversive enemies could force the fledgling republic back to foreign monarchical rule. Delegates did not want the United States to suffer the same fate as Poland, which in 1772 had been partitioned among Austria, Prussia and Russia after agents of those countries bribed Polish nobles to elect a disloyal king (Schneider 6). The Founding Fathers of the United States, however, clearly state that, â€Å"all men are created equal† in the Declaration of Independence. This equality extends not only to all natural-born Americ an citizens, but should also extend to foreign-born Americans. This foundational idea of equality contradicts the Constitution. All American citizens should have the equal and same opportunity to strive to hold the highest elected office in the United States. By looking at the role immigrants have played in American history—particularly sacrifices that have been made by foreign-born American citizens on the battlefield, easier access to candidate information through media during elections, checks in the Constitution, and modern diplomacy—we see that foreign-born American citizens are not only loyal to America, but also have the capability and passion to serve the United States as President without American citizens needing to question loyalty and intent. The orig... ... People. USHistory.org, n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. Isaacson, Walter. "Henry Kissinger - Biography". The Nobel Prize in Peace 1973. Nobelprize.org. Web. 3 Aug 2010. Kasindorf, Martin. â€Å"Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold?† USA TODAY [Los Angels] 3 Dec. 2004. Web. 30 July 2010. King, Martin Luther. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail." Letter From Birmingham Jail 1963. Stanford.edu. Web. 1 July 2010. Office of Governor. â€Å"Biography.† Governor Jennifer M. Granholm State of Michigan. Michigan. Gov,n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. Schneider, Bill. â€Å"President Schwarzenegger—a potential blockbuster†. CNN.com, n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. The Constitution of the United States, Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5. The United States Consitution. U.S Constitution Online,n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. U.S. Department of Labor. â€Å"Elaine L. Chao.† Hall of Secretaries. Web. 28 July 2010.

Explication de Texte of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis

I. SUBJECT Carol Milford is a student of Blodgett College, and the protagonist of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis. Her ambition is to settle down in a prairie village and transform it into a place of beauty. She works as a librarian at St. Paul after her graduation. She marries the doctor Kennicott, whom she met at a friend’s house. Life in Gopher Prairie offers no challenges. Kennicott takes her on a long tour to California and other places. Carol returns to Gopher Prairie and tries to be enthusiastic about the town but feels tired of the hypocrisy and decides to leave. Kennicott feels distressed and she assures him that she would come back if she is able to find out what she needs. She works in Washington for two years. Kennicott visits her in Washington to woo her for the second time. Carol mellows and admits her desire to return to Gopher Prairie. Kennicott asks her to return only when she is prepared. She talks to the leader of the suffrage movement who tells her that she cannot achieve anything without total dedication. She convinces Carol that she can play at least a small role in changing life by persistently asking questions whenever she finds anything that hinders social change. Her life in Washington helps her to acquire a mature outlook towards life and is at last able to accept Gopher Prairie and its people as they are, but she does not give up her fight to make Gopher Prairie a better place. She gives birth to a daughter and feels optimistic that her daughter will carry on the fight that she had started and witness a united world. II. THEME The main theme of the story is rebellion and reformation. The rebellion is against materialism, lack of equality between the rich and the poor, the ugliness of the town, its narrow-mindedness and its prejudices. Carol wants to reform the town by teaching the people to appreciate poetry and to surround themselves with beauty and by teaching them to play. She tries to put up a play, read poetry to Kennicott and campaign for a new city hall, school and a better rest room and also by organizing parties and games. Though she cannot bring about any radical changes, her triumph lies in utting up a fight and keeping her faith. Main Street brings to light the discontent of the protagonist because of her inability to bring about a change in the attitudes of the people of Gopher Prairie. She appreciates beauty of simplicity. She believes that life should uphold the virtues of equality and freedom. She disapproves of exploitation. Therefore she opposes the industrialization which wipes out the b eauty of the land and the spirit of adventure of the pioneers of America. She also rebels against the exploitation of the farmers and the laborers. She incurs the wrath of the matrons of Gopher Prairie by paying six dollars a week to her maid and also by justifying the wages by pointing out that the job they did is very tedious. She insists that the rest room for the farmer’s wives should have better facilities, because it brought the farmer’s business to the merchants of the town. The reforms she proposes are very simple. She wants beautiful buildings. She wants to cultivate the taste of the people. She wants to teach the farmer’s wives the proper way to care for their babies and to make good stew. She suggests setting up an employment bureau so that they will not depend on charity. The women of Gopher Prairie snigger at Carol’s suggestions. They oppose the idea of empowering the poor women to be self-sufficient because that will deny them the chance to be charitable. When Carol suggests that they should mend the clothes before handing them out as charity, the women pounce once again on Carol and overrule the suggestion as unnecessary because it would encourage those women to be lazy. Carol feels frustrated by this mindlessness. Hence she leaves Gopher Prairie so that she can find out what she can achieve in life. In Washington, she gains the objectivity necessary for any reformer. She gains courage and learns how to direct her energy to effect changes, and returns to Gopher Prairie reconciled. The minor theme of the novel is that marriage is not to be taken lightly. Carol does not accept the institution of marriage blindly. Her expectations and demands as a wife are juxtaposed with the other wives in Gopher Prairie. Her rebellion seeps into her personal life as well and makes it so much the better for it. III. DICTION Sinclair Lewis has a vivid style. His description of nature provides the appropriate background for the mood of the characters. When Carol goes out for a walk with Erik they pass a grove of â€Å"scrub poplars†¦ looming now like a menacing wall† (392). When she is with Kennicott beside the lake she watches â€Å"long grass†¦ mossy bogs and red winged black birds† (57). When she is brooding she sees gray fields closing in on her. He uses verbs very effectively. Carol â€Å"perceives† when she observes something seriously. When she is upset with Kennicott for forgetting to give her money, she â€Å"commands† him to come upstairs because she does not wish to discuss the matter in the presence of company and Kennicott â€Å"clumps† after her. His use of satire is very effective and adds color to his narration. Carol watches a professional play, which to her is boringly ordinary in all aspects and finds the audience lapping it up. She comments sarcastically that â€Å"the only trouble with The Girl from Kankakee is that it is too subtle for Gopher Prairie† (225). The description of the idiosyncrasies of the occupants of Gopher Prairie is full of humor. When Raymie praises about the trust of Kennicott’s patients in the doctor comments wryly, â€Å"It’s me that got to do all the trusting†, and in a dramatic aside, whispers to Carol â€Å"gentleman hen† (59). When Kennicott is excited about the motor trip he expects Carol â€Å"to be effusive about academic questions as ‘now I wonder if we could stop at Baraboo†¦ ’† (196). Kennicott’s faith in cars is a â€Å"high-church cult with electric sparks for candles, and Piston rings become the alter-vessels† and â€Å"liturgy† composed of â€Å"intoned and metrical road comments† (196). The plot moves through a combination of dialogue and narrative. With minor pauses in some seemingly meaningless conversation, the diction shows the inner workings in Carol’s mind and throughout the other characters of Gopher Prairie, such as Vida who was a devout Christian. The narrative half of the plot gives insight characterization. For instance, she says this to no one, but Vida had considered her moment with â€Å"Professor’ George Edwin Mott† somehow naughty, and thought that she was â€Å"superior†¦ to have kept her virginity† (251). The diction upholds the subject and theme through the usage of words such as â€Å"reformer†, â€Å"suffragist†, and other choice words involving civil rights. It relates to Carol’s constant want to change the town of Gopher Prairie, and the other reformations happening in Washington, D. C. and the opposition she faces in her town, and in her own home. In times of despair, she finds her surroundings closing in around her: â€Å"She saw the furniture as a circle of elderly judges condemning her to death by smothering† (31). IV. TONE The atmosphere of hostility is produced by the conflict between Carol’s desire to change the town and the town’s resistance to Carol’s ideas. She is bewildered and hurt by the rebukes and rebuttals. Carol develops the right attitudes necessary for a reformer in the last three chapters of the novel. This helps her to face life with more sympathy, tolerance and hope. V. SYMBOLISM Carol’s interests in trains, books, and nature all symbolize her desire to escape the narrow confines Gopher Prairie. In Chapter 19, she daydreams about taking a train to escape the town. In Chapter 22, she escapes the town mentally through reading a number of books. Beginning in Chapter 5, she finds natural beauty in the countryside that she does not find in town. Indeed, throughout the novel, Carol often takes walks and spends time in the countryside in order to escape Gopher Prairie. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 38, Kennicott shows his wife pictures of Gopher Prairie as he attempts to court her and convince her return to the town. In Chapter 2, Carol sees only â€Å"streaky† pictures of â€Å"trees, shrubbery, a porch indistinct in leafy shadows, [and] lakes† (18). The fact that she sees the pictures in Chapter 2 as â€Å"streaky† and â€Å"indistinct† symbolizes her detachment from the community. However, in Chapter 38, she sees her own house and familiar faces in the photographs, symbolizing her connection to the town. As Lewis indicates in his preface, Gopher Prairie represents a microcosm of America in the early twentieth century. Lewis creates many characters as exaggerations, or typical, rather than individuals, to suggest that the people and institutions found in Gopher Prairie can be found anywhere. By criticizing Gopher Prairie, Lewis therefore attacks American society as a whole. Carol and Vida seem to be foils in that Carol is a reformer, whereas Vida is the representation of a society reluctant to let go of their ways. Though in a passage Vida thinks that she is, â€Å"and always will be, a reformer, a liberal† (253), she puts lie to this statement at the beginning of the chapter: she displays as much open-mindedness as a nun when Lewis writes that â€Å"[s]he hated even the sound of the word ‘sex’†¦ and prayed to Jesus†¦addressing him as her eternal lover† (251). Carol, on the other hand, indeed does try to bring reform to the town. She tries to bring beauty and culture, but is met by the bulwark of Gopher Prairie. Yet still she pushes on, introducing a professional play, music and poetry. Despite all her attempts, she still fails. Though some battles cannot be won, she wants to give her fighting spirit to her daughter. VI. SPEAKER The speaker of Main Street is in third person, who is omniscient of the happenings and minds of the citizens of Gopher Prairie. VII. STRUCTURE The novel is divided into six parts, plot-wise. The first part introduces Carol, the heroine of the novel. The second part deals with her marriage and elaborates on her fears of life as the wife of Dr. Kennicott in the small prairie town. The third part describes her house warming party in which Carol makes a statement about her taste and attitude followed by the details of the trials and tribulations of Carol as a reformer of the smug town. The fourth part is the thirty-sixth chapter, which may be called the climax of the story because Carol walks out of her marriage and Gopher Prairie. The following two chapters form the fifth part which describes Carol’s work in Washington, her reconciliation to life in Gopher Prairie and it also reunites Carol and Kennicott. The physical construction of the novel consists of a yellow and black cover, with a small portrait of the author in the approximate middle. It is four hundred and fifty-one pages, divided into thirty-nine chapters, which are then sub-divided; both are numbered by Roman numerals. Preceding the story is a miniature biography of the author (viii) and a small preface that explains Gopher Prairie is a small pocket of America, but America nonetheless, whose citizens are set in their ways. VIII. IMAGERY This is an example of personification: â€Å"the land humming† (139). This describes the beauty of the land around Gopher Prairie and inspires Carol, since she wants to make the town just as beautiful through her reforms. This is an example of a simile: â€Å"Kennicott was as fixed in routine as an isolated old man† (291). With the use of â€Å"as†, Kennicott is compared an old man being set in his ways. An example of antithesis would be that when Kennicott, before his marriage to Carol, had put his arm around Vida â€Å"carelessly†. While she strained away, she longed to move nearer to him† (251). In this example of personification, â€Å"the deep-bosomed bed stiffened in disgust† (32) at having such an extravagant shirt laid on it. In the same paragraph, the said â€Å"chemise and lace was a hussy† (32) and seemed overly lavish in the simple house in which Carol lived. In this conceit, Lewis writes that â€Å"[a] villag e is†¦a force seeking to dominate the earth, drain the hills and seas of color† (267). He is saying that such a village drains the world of its natural beauty, to be replaced by man-made materialistic things, with a standard style. Anything else would seem out of place. Carol calls the people who live in the Northern Middlewest â€Å"pioneers, these sweaty wayfarers† (24). They have just begun to build a society in that area, and she thinks that such an area has much hope. When Dr. Kennicott takes Carol hunting, she wonders why he hasn’t fired when a â€Å"crash† sounded and â€Å"two birds turned somersaults in the air, plumped down† (55). Such is an example of onomatopoeia.

A midsummer night dream

A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare is one of the most well-known playwright and poet that the world has ever produced. He's known for his ability to recapitulate the array of human emotions in simple yet Intensely expressive verse. One of Shakespearean most popular plays, A Midsummer Night's Dream Is full of Intense feelings, tragic events and a happy ending. Literature can be defined as a comedy, romance, or a tragedy. A Midsummer Night's Dream can best be defined as a comedy.In literary sense, a comedy is a work which is principally designed to amuse and entertain, and where, despite problems during the narrative, all ends well for the characters (English Literature Dictionary). The play can be proven to be a comedy because of its humorous tone. The play features fairy magic, pranks and the performance of a play within the play by a group of fairies. The play even has trickery and disguise in it as well. Hernia and Alexander try to sneak away from Athens to wed behind Geese's ba ck.Also, Titanic and the nouns lovers have no Idea they've been dazed by Oberon by the love-in-idleness flowers Juice. These examples given are what put A Midsummer Night's Dream under the literature category of a comedy. A romance Is traditionally, a long fictional prose narrative about unlikely events Involving characters that are very different from ordinary people. Nowadays the modern romance novel Is a prescribed love story, where boy meets girl, obstacles get in the way, they are then overcome and the couple live happily ever after (English Literature Dictionary).A Midsummer Night's Dream could also fit into this category because of the fairies that are in it. In the play the fairies experience unlikely events, like Titanic falling in love with Bottom as he as the head of an ass. Another way the play could fit into this category would be how Hernia and Alexander are in love and are forbidden to be married. At the end of the play the obstacle of them not being able to marry is overcome when they are invited by the fairies to go back and marry with the duke.The last category is tragedy. Tragedy Is defined as a serious play where the protagonist experiences a succession of misfortunes leading to a concluding, disturbing catastrophe usually for the protagonist (English Literature Dictionary). The way love Is defined In the beginning of the play is a tragic view. Segues goes to Theses demanding that he make Hernia marry Demerits, and not Alexander. Segues says, â€Å"As she is mine, I may dispose of her. Which shall be either to this gentleman, or to her death. Even though this makes the play come off as a tragedy, the characters and situations do not allow for tragedy to aka over or take form in the plot. As a conclusion, A Midsummer Night's Dream best fits into the literary definition of comedy. It has some aspects of romance in it but comedy smothers the majority of the play. The beginning of the play can make A Midsummer Night's Dream seem that it will t urn out to be a tragedy but again comedy takes over. A Midsummer Night's Dream Is a classic example of Shakespeare comedy. â€Å"English Literature Dictionary'. Education. Asia. Education Asia. ND. Web. 14 June 2014

Alexander the Great from Macedonia Essay

The cuisine of th Middle East has the same similarities as that of the Greeks for many reasons. According to history, Alexander the Great from Macedonia which is also known as Greece of today’s world came to the Middle East in the 300 BC. This brought about many Greco influences into the lives of the Middle East people. Moreover, during the Roman Empire, the Greeks brought sweets and fruits to th region. As a matter of fact, there has been a continued trade of spices between the two regions that it has become a the spice center of the world. At the same time, the religion of the Middle east has a dominant role to play in their food traditions. Christianity in particular came from the Greek tradition. In Israel, the cuisine is considered to be international because of the diverse immigrants in the country. These immigrants range from countries like Greece to Turkey to Spain and to North Africa which influenced the way Israelites cook and prepare their food. At the same time, the North African cuisine such as that of Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia share similarities with most the Arabic tradition because of the Islamic conquest that happened in the 7th century. Most of their cuisines are influenced by the Arabs and the aboriginal peoples of the the region which are called Berbers. In addition, Egypt has large influence geographically. It is situated in North Africa which carries with it an Arabic tradition and culture. North Africa has always been considered Middle Eastern and Mediterranean in nature because of its geographical location. 4. Four of the most famous food in West Africa are Yassa, Sauce Canny, Diebou Dien, and Yam. The Yassa is made out of chicken or lamb with a citrus or a lime in it as a flavoring. It could also be made with fish or vegetables. The saucy Canny is made out of onions, garlics, and shallots which is mainly used as an accompaniment to may of West Africa’s dishes. The Deibou Dien is composed of fresh and dried fish with onions and tomatoes. It also has as many vegetables as possible such as an eggplant, a manioc, turnips, white radish, cabbage, and carrots. In East Africa, the common foods are Niker Kebboh and Alecha. Niter Kebboh is made up of butter with spices like ginger, garlic, and cinnamon. Alecha on one hand is a stew made of chicken or beef or other kinds of meat. It is accompanied with bread. It is usually dipped into the spicy dishes and once its already soaked up the it is lifted into the mouth. 5.